![]() ![]() ![]() First, based on content analysis by experts and a review of the literature on students’ conceptual understandings, a conceptual framework for electric circuits is developed. ![]() Specifically, two areas of research have been conducted. The results are used to guide the design of a concept test that targets the different stages of knowledge integration in student learning of electric circuits. This study applies the conceptual framework model to investigate student difficulties in the knowledge integration perspective. Student learning in simple electric circuits has been extensively studied, which has revealed a large number of persistent misunderstandings. Thus, based on the results of the research, the HOTS instrument on fluid material is classified as valid and reliable. The results of this study indicate (1) the instrument is declared valid by the experts with the value of 4.5 and (2) this instrument is declared reliable through the reliability tests on stage one and two respectively with the obtained value of 0.74 and 0.76 which is included in the high-reliability level. Also, these questions were stated to be reliable through the Cronbach Alpha value of 0.78. Of the 25 items, 3 items were declared difficult, 20 items had a moderate level of difficulty, and 2 other items were relatively easy. The results of this development are 15 valid questions out of 25 items developed. The data analysis techniques used were item analysis consisting of validity, difficulty level, and discrimination index analysis, and reliability test. The data collection instruments used consisted of questions grids, question sheets, and validation sheets. ![]() This study aims to produce valid and reliable HOTS physics questions based on Borg and Gall development model. ![]()
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